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Allocation of the residual global CO2 budget between countries
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The question arise because there is a limit to how much more CO2 can be added to the atmosphere if we want to keep global warming below a particular value, e.g. 1.5°C.
In order to be confident of keeping global warming to less than 1.5°C, further global CO2 emissions must be kept below a total of 400 billion tonnes since 2020. This residual carbon CO2 budget (or carbon budget) is currently dwindling at a rate of 34 billion tonnes CO2 per year.
Although this is a vital question, there is currently very little discussion in developed countries about what principle should be used to divide this residual CO2 budget between countries.
Considerations in making this decision include
Taking these considerations into account, the only justifiable principle is that developed countries take no more than their fair per-capita share of the residual global CO2 budget.
- a decision has been made to limit global warming to a particular level e.g. 1.5°C, and
- it has been understood that this implies limiting further CO2 emissions to below a calculated ceiling (the global CO2 budget),
The question arise because there is a limit to how much more CO2 can be added to the atmosphere if we want to keep global warming below a particular value, e.g. 1.5°C.
In order to be confident of keeping global warming to less than 1.5°C, further global CO2 emissions must be kept below a total of 400 billion tonnes since 2020. This residual carbon CO2 budget (or carbon budget) is currently dwindling at a rate of 34 billion tonnes CO2 per year.
Although this is a vital question, there is currently very little discussion in developed countries about what principle should be used to divide this residual CO2 budget between countries.
Considerations in making this decision include
- Commitments under international agreements, including the Rio Declaration and the Paris Agreement
- Reparations for previous injustices
- Justice.
Taking these considerations into account, the only justifiable principle is that developed countries take no more than their fair per-capita share of the residual global CO2 budget.
How should the residual CO2 budget be divided between countries?
In order to be confident of keeping global warming to less than 1.5°C, further global CO2 emissions must be kept below a total of 400 billion tonnes since 2020 - see document 54. This 400 billion tonnes is known as the residual carbon CO2 budget (or carbon budget); it is currently dwindling at a rate of 34 billion tonnes CO2 per year.A vital question on which there is little discussion is what principle should be used to divide this residual CO2 budget between countries.
Possible ways of dividing the residual CO2 budget
- All countries have an equal per-capita share.
- Developed countries get more than their per-capita share. Developed countries generally have much higher per-capita emissions than developing countries. If all countries reduce emissions by the same proportion each year, developed countries will end up taking a higher share of the residual CO2 budget.
- Developed countries have less than their per-capita share.
Considerations in dividing the residual CO2 budget
- The Rio Declaration (1992) [1] includes the following points (see document 113).
- States have a responsibility not to cause environmental damage beyond their national jurisdiction (Principle 2).
- States should avoid transfer of harmful activities to other States (Principle 14).
- A precautionary approach should be applied (Principle 15).
- The Paris Agreement [2] specifies in Article 4.1 that developed countries will have a proportionally higher reduction in emissions as it states 'peaking [in greenhouse gas emissions] will take longer for developing countries', and states repeatedly that decisions will be taken according to "the principle of equity" or "on the basis of equity" - see document 113.
- Justice: Developed countries have already placed into the atmosphere enormous emissions during the building of houses, hospitals, schools and transport connections, so it would be unjust to deny these to developing countries.
- The effects of climate change are generally greater on developing countries.
- Developed countries are richer and in a better position to reduce emissions quickly.
- If the developed countries take more than a fair per-capita share of the residual CO2 budget, it would be a repeat of the abuses of slavery, colonialism, and exploitation of natural resources that have been inflicted on developing countries.
- There cannot be any confidence that developing countries will adhere to an agreement that does not treat them fairly.
Conclusion
The only justifiable principle for the allocation of the residual CO2 budget is that the developed countries take no more than their fair per-capita share.Who is advocating a fair (per capita) allocation of the residual carbon budget?
- The Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Proposperity (CUSP) at the University of Surrey has calculated a UK budget on a per capita basis, with a reduction of 14% to allow for the UK's current emissions being well above the average [3].
- The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at Manchester University has calculated emission budgets of each UK local authority on the basis that developing countries can increase their CO2 emissions for a few years to facilitate economic development (in accord with the Paris Agreement) and that developed countries share the remainder of the global CO2 budget [4]. In practice, this approximates to equal per-capita shares.
- The Fridays for Future group of youth climate activists - see document 61.
Who is advocating that developed countries take more than a per capita allocation of the residual CO2 budget?
Many governments of developed countries are planning to take much more than an equal per-capita share in their climate plans. For example the UK Government in its 368-page Net Zero Strategy of October 2021 [5] shows an emission reduction pathway that is approximately a steady (i.e. linear) decline from its current annual 10 tonnes CO2 per person to zero in 2050 - which is an average of 5 tonnes per person per year for 30 years - which is a total of 150 tonnes CO2 per person. This 150 tonnes is 3 times the global per capita share of 50 tonnes - see document 54. There is no mention of equity between countries in the document - the only mentions of 'equity' are in the form of 'equity investment', 'private equity', 'equity capital' and 'equity shares'. Furthermore, there is a fallacious implication in the Foreward from the Prime Minister that the document represents a satisfactory response to the climate emergency in his claims "We will meet the global climate emergency" and "we set an example to the world".References
| [1] | Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (at the Rio United Nations Conference) (1992) https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf |
| [2] | The Paris Agreement (2015)https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/paris_nov_2015/application/pdf/paris_agreement_english_.pdf |
| [3] | "Zero carbon sooner" carbon budget report from CUSP carbonindependent.org/128.html |
| [4] | Tyndall Centre The Tyndall carbon budget tool (2019) https://carbonbudget.manchester.ac.uk/reports/ |
| [5] | UK Government Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener (Oct 2021) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-strategy |
First published: 25 Oct 2021
Last updated: 7 Sep 2023